Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics.
| Study | Country | Study Year | Data Source(s) | No. of Observations | Perspective | Incidence/Prevalence | Top-down/Bottom-up | Sensitivity analysis |
| Published Studies: OECD Countries | ||||||||
| Zmirou et al. [18] | France | 1994 | Primary data: A cross-sectional study conducted in three cities in France. |
970,000 | Societal | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Yes (low and high) |
| Voorhees et al. [19] | Tokyo, Japan | 1994 | Secondary sources: Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), Japanese Environment Agency (JEA), Japanese Ministry of Transportation. |
Not stated | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes |
| Navrud [22] | Norway | 1996 | Primary data: A CV survey conducted in Norway & also use other secondary data sources |
1009 | Societal | Prevalence | Combination of bottom-up & top-down | Yes |
| Rozan [20] | Strasbou, France | 1998 | Primary data: A survey conducted in Strasbourg in France. Some epidemiological studies are also used as a secondary source. |
1,000 | Societal | Prevalence | Bottom-up | No |
| Neidell [21] | California, USA | 1998 | Secondary sources: California Hospital Discharge Data (CHDD), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Climatic Data Center, Census of Population, 1990, Air Resources Board, 1990 |
800,000 (Children aged 1–18) | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes (low and high) |
| Panis [23] | Belgium | 1998 | Data sources: Used different secondary sources, e.g., ExternE project data are used. |
Total population of Belgium | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | No |
| Unpublished Studies: OECD Countries | ||||||||
| DSS Management Consulting inc.) [24] | Canada | 2000–2015 | Data sources: Statistics of Canada & Census Information, hospital-level survey conducted by the Ontario Medical Association (OMA). |
11 million (total population of Ontario) | Societal | Prevalence | Combination of bottom-up & top-down | No |
| Vergana and the Mexico Air Quality the WB study [25] | Metro-politan Mexico City (ZMV) | 1999 | Secondary sources: Mexican National Institute of Statistics, Geography & Information (INEGI), National Health Survey, 1994 |
17 million | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes (high, central and low) |
| Published Studies: non-OECD Countries | ||||||||
| Larson et al [45] | Volgograd Russia | 1995 | Secondary data: 29 stationary sources |
Total population 50,000* 29 = 1,450,000 | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes |
| Alberini & Krupnick [1] | Taiwan | 1991–1992 | Primary data: A combined epidemiological & economic study conducted in three cities in Taiwan. |
Total population: 3,031,532 Sample observations: 87,676 | Societal | Prevalence | Bottom-up | No |
| Srivastava & Kumar [2] | Mumbai, India | 1997 | Sources: Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Transport Commissioners office, Maharashtra State, Mumbai. |
15.6 million | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | No |
| Quah & Boon [50] | Singapore | 1999 | Secondary data sources: ENV Annual Report, 1998, Monthly Digest of Statistics, 1999, Singapore Dept. of Statistics, Ministry of Health, Singapore. |
Total population in Singapore = 3,893,600 | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes (high, central & low) |
| Resosudarmo& Napitupulu [48] | Indonesia, Jakarta | 1998 | Data sources: Indonesian Central Statistics Body (BPS), a survey conducted at Cipto Hospital (public hospital), and another survey conducted at Universitas Kristen Indonesia Hospital (private hospital) and at several individual medical practices. |
Total population in Jakarta = 11 million | Societal | Prevalence | Combination of bottom-up & top-down | No |
| Kan & Chen [46] | Shanghai, China | 2001 | Data sources: Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Health, China Ministry of Health. |
Total urban population of Shanghai | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | No |
| Deng [47] | Beijing, China | 2000 | Data sources: Primary data Secondary sources: WHO, World bank, National Bureau of Statistics of China, Beijing Environment Protection Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook |
Total population of Beijing = 13.82 million | Societal | Prevalence | Combination of bottom-up & top-down | Yes |
| Unpublished Studies: non-OECD Countries | ||||||||
| Saksena & Dayal [49] | India | 1997 | Secondary Sources: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI). |
Total population in India = 846 million (used 1991 census) | Societal | Prevalence | Top-down | Yes (Low & High) |
| Report of Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong [51] | Hong Kong, China | 1997–1998 | Sources: Report on Focus Group Survey Data, Hospital Authority (HA), Department of Health, Census & Statistics Department, and Government Gazette. |
Total population in Hong Kong = 6.31 million (estimated in 1996) | Societal | Prevalence | Combination of bottom-up & top-down | Yes (ranging numerical) |