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PagN-promoted invasion of epithelial cells requires actin polymerisation. E. coli DH5α harboring either pTrc99a or pML1 were induced with IPTG and incubated with CHO-K1 cells and invasion levels were measured (black bars). To assess the role of actin filament polymerisation in PagN-mediated invasion, confluent CHO-K1 monolayers were pre-incubated with cytochalasin D (1 μg/ml) for 30 min at 37°C before infection with bacteria (grey bars).
