Fig. 6.

Representative rabbit radial radiographs, 4 weeks after the implantation operation (red line shows the region of radial bone defect). a The segmental bone defect treated with tissue-engineered bone membrane M1(MSC + SIS) showed bone repairing. b The critical size bone defect treated with tissue-engineered bone membrane M2 (osteoblast induced from MSC + SIS) also showed bone repairing. c The segmental bone defect treated with SIS is empty under X-ray detection. These radiographs confirmed that critical bone defect can be repaired by tissue-engineered bone membrane, either constructed with seeding cells of allogenic MSCs or osteogenetic induced allogenic MSCs