Table 2.

Unadjusted and adjusted^a estimates^b of the relative risk^c linking high level of nicotine dependence with experiencing specific nicotine withdrawal features.

Withdrawal Features	High Dependence FTND ≥ 4		High Dependence FTND ≥ 4
	Unadjusted R.R. (95% C.I.)	p-value	Adjustedb R.R. (95% C.I.)	p-value
DSM-IV
IRRITABILITY/ANGER	1.1; (1.00, 1.3)	0.149	1.2; (1.00, 1.3)	0.048
NERVOUS	1.2; (1.00, 1.5)	0.054	1.3; (1.1, 1.6)	0.008
RESTLESS	1.2; (1.01, 1.3)	0.032	1.2; (1.1, 1.4)	0.010
DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING	1.6; (1.1, 2.4)	0.017	1.3; (1.1, 1.7)	0.018
DECREASED HEART RATE	0.7; (0.4, 1.0)	0.062	0.7; (0.4, 1.1)	0.091
INCREASED APPETITE/WEIGHT GAIN	1.0; (0.8, 1.2)	0.852	1.1; (0.9, 1.3)	0.669
DEPRESSED	1.1; (0.8, 1.7)	0.577	1.3; (0.9, 1.9)	0.247
TROUBLE SLEEPING	1.3; (1.0, 1.7)	0.030	1.8; (1.2, 2.6)	0.005
ICD-10 Additional Features
CRAVING	1.0; (0.9, 1.1)	0.669	1.0; (0.9, 1.2)	0.434
PERSISTENT COUGH	0.9; (0.7, 1.3)	0.740	1.0; (0.7, 1.4)	0.863
SORES IN MOUTH	0.4; (0.5, 2.4)	0.285	0.6; (0.03, 11.3)	0.707
TIRED OR WEAK	1.4; (0.9, 2.3)	0.160	1.5; (0.9, 2.3)	0.108

^aEstimates are adjusted for age, sex, age at first cigarette, race, and current or past history of depression.

^bThese multivariate model estimates of relative risk are from the generalized linear model (logit link) with a generalized estimating equations approach to address interdependencies of the twelve binary responses (cumulative occurrence of nicotine withdrawal features).

^cThese relative risk estimates convey the magnitude of increased risk for each withdrawal feature of the HD group.