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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Aging. 2008 Sep;23(3):634–645. doi: 10.1037/a0012577

Stimuli from the Release-from-PI Operation Span

2 WORD LISTS 3 WORD LISTS 4 WORD LISTS
1. (2 + 7) - 7 = 2 SKIRT 1. (6 - 3) + 3 = 6 DRUM 1. (4 + 3) - 6 = 1 LION
 (6 + 2) - 2 = 8 JACKET  (6 + 3) - 3 = 4 GUITAR  (3 + 5) + 1 = 7 GOAT
 (2 + 6) - 3 = 7 HORN  (3 - 1) + 5 = 5 ZEBRA
 (4 + 1) - 1 = 4 BULL
2. (6 - 4) + 7 = 7 SWEATER 2. (5 + 4) - 5 = 6 TUBA 2. (7 - 1) + 3 = 7 LAMB
 (6 + 1) - 6 = 1 PANTS  (5 - 4) + 5 = 6 FLUTE  (5 + 1) + 2 = 6 SQUIRREL
 (7 - 3) - 1 = 3 TRUMPET  (1 + 4) + 3 = 8 COW
 (7 - 3) + 1 = 5 DONKEY
3. (2 + 5) - 2 = 5 SHOES 3. (6 - 3) - 2 = 1 BANJO 3. (9 - 2) + 2 = 9 PANTHER
 (4 + 1) + 3 = 6 JACKET  (8 - 7) + 8 = 7 HARP  (5 + 2) - 4 = 3 MOOSE
 (5 + 1) + 1 = 9 FIDDLE  (2 + 1) + 1 = 6 CAMEL
 (8 - 5) - 2 = 3 PIG
4. (9 - 4) - 3 = 2 MAPLE 4. (1 + 7) - 2 = 4 SKILLET 4. (3 - 2) + 2 = 3 FOOT
 (7 - 4) - 1 = 4 ASH  (2 + 5) - 3 = 6 POT  (7 - 5) + 5 = 9 ANKLE
 (4 - 2) + 7 = 9 BLENDER  (5 + 2) - 3 = 4 HIP
 (4 + 3) - 4 = 3 SHOULDER
5. (3 + 1) - 1 = 3 OAK 5. (7 - 2) - 2 = 3 SPOON 5. (4 - 3) + 1 = 2 MOUTH
 (8 - 6) - 1 = 3 WILLOW  (3 + 6) - 3 = 8 TOASTER  (6 - 5) + 1 = 4 KIDNEY
 (1 + 2) + 3 = 6 PLATE  (7 + 1) + 1 = 7 CHIN
 (1+ 1) + 7 = 7 FINGER
6. (8 - 3) - 3 = 4 CYPRESS 6. (2 + 7) - 3 = 6 GLASS 6. (8 - 1) + 1 = 6 ELBOW
 (8 - 5) + 3 = 6 PINE  (1 + 6) + 1 = 6 SAUCER  (4 + 5) - 3 = 6 TOOTH
 (7 - 1) - 1 = 5 PAN  (4 - 1) + 5 = 8 STOMACH
 (6 - 2) - 1 = 5 NOSE
7. (7 + 1) - 4 = 2 GOLDFISH 7. (6 - 3) + 4 = 7 BEETLE 7. (9 - 6) - 2 = 1 SWAN
 (3 - 2) + 8 = 9 SHARK  (3 + 4) + 2 = 7 FLY  (9 - 8) + 5 = 8 PARROT
 (5 + 3) - 5 = 3 TERMITE  (5 + 1) - 3 = 3 JAY
 (1 + 8) - 1 = 8 EAGLE
8. (2 - 1) + 7 = 6 TROUT 8. (4 + 1) + 2 = 9 LOCUST 8. (7 - 3) + 2 = 4 SPARROW
 (7 - 5) + 4 = 4 FLOUNDER  (2 + 2) - 1 = 3 TICK  (6 - 1) - 4 = 3 FINCH
 ( 8 - 4) - 3 = 3 SPIDER  (6 + 3) - 1 = 6 RAVEN
 (1 + 4) + 4 = 7 DUCK
9. ( 8 - 4) + 4 = 8 TUNA 9. (9 - 5) + 1 = 5 ANT 9. (3 + 5) - 4 = 4 OWL
 (5 + 1) - 2 = 4 PIKE  (6 - 1) + 3 = 6 CRICKET  (5 - 2) + 3 = 6 PIGEON
 (7 - 4) + 4 = 5 MOTH  (8 - 5) + 1 = 4 CROW
 (9 - 8) + 7 = 6 TURKEY
10. (4 + 2) + 3 = 9 PEA 10 (6 - 3) - 1 = 2 TRUCK 10. (4 + 1) + 1 = 8 CHAIR
 (9 - 1) - 7 = 3 SPINACH  (7 - 3) - 2 = 4 SUBWAY  (5 + 1) + 3 = 9 BOOKCASE
 (9 - 4) + 4 = 7 BUS  (4 - 1) - 1 = 4 STOOL
 (7 - 6) + 1 = 4 TABLE
11. (1 + 8) - 8 = 1 CARROT 11. (5 + 4) - 1 = 8 BOAT 11. (2 + 5) + 1 = 8 DRESSER
 (5 + 3) - 7 = 3 SQUASH  (3 - 2) + 7 = 6 TRACTOR  (1 + 3) - 2 = 2 RUG
 (5 - 3) + 4 = 6 VAN  (3 + 4) - 6 = 3 MIRROR
 (6 + 2) - 6 = 2 DESK
12. (8 - 1) + 2 = 9 CORN 12. (8 - 7) + 1 = 2 TROLLEY 12. (2 + 2) + 3 = 7 SOFA
 (7 - 4) + 2 = 3 LETTUCE  (5 - 1) + 5 = 9 CAB  (5 + 4) - 4 = 3 LAMP
 (7 - 1) - 2 = 2 AIRPLANE  (9 - 6) + 6 = 9 ROCKER
 (9 - 1) - 6 = 4 BENCH