Table 1.
Non-smokers' exposure to NNK throughout life by measurement of urinary total NNAL
| Exposed Group | Type of Exposure | Total NNAL (fmol/mL urine) | % of Amount in Smokers' Urinea | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fetus | Transplacental | 25 ± 29 (amniotic fluid) | 1.3 | (128) |
| Newborns | Transplacental | 130 ± 150 | 6.5 | (129) |
| Infants (<1 year old) | Air | 83 ± 20 | 4.2 | (85) |
| Elementary School Children | ||||
| Minneapolis | Air | 56 ± 76 | 2.8 | (130) |
| Moldova | Air | 90 ± 77 | 4.5 | (131) |
| Women Living with Smokers | Air | 50 ± 68 | 2.5 | (132) |
| Hospital Workers | Air | 59 ± 28 | 3.0 | (133) |
| Casino Patrons | Air | 18 ± 15 | 0.9 | (134) |
| Restaurant and Bar Workers | Air | 33 ± 34 | 1.7 | (135) |
a
based on 2 pmol/mL total NNAL in smokers’ urine