Table 2.

Operational definitions of vocal hesitations.

Type	Operational definition	Example
Filled pause	Nonlexical one-syllable filler syllables	(Um) his colt named Blackie.
Interjection	Conventional words or phrases that do not contribute information to an utterance	(Well) the horses never got to get any apples.
Part-word repetition	The repetition of phonemes or syllables of a word	The girl wanted to (fl*) fly her yellow kite.
Whole-word repetition	1. The repetition of whole monosyllabic or multisyllabic words without emphatic meaning	(We) we are safe now.
	2. The repetition of whole phrases or multi-words without emphatic meaning	But then (the boy) the boy drowned. (The boy was) the boy was nervous about the birds.
Revision	Recognizable modifications of an already-produced unit, which result in alternation of lexical, syntactic, semantic or phonological materials	There was (a f*) a brown fence separated.
Orphan	Linguistic units that do not have a reliably identifiable relationship to other units	I will get (in) the money.