Metabolite differences across cohorts. Levels of metabolite ratios found in healthy control animals (normalized to 100%), animals moribund with AIDS without encephalitis, and animals with AIDS having varying degrees of encephalitis. ANOVA revealed significant differences in NAA/Cr, Glu/Cr, and GABA/Cr among the five cohorts. Least squares means t-tests indicated significant changes between healthy controls and all other SIV-infected groups. In the case of NAA/Cr, a significant decrease (13%) between macaques moribund with AIDS lacking encephalitis and those with severe SIVE was found. There is no statistically significant difference in any metabolite ratio between animals with mild SIVE and animals with AIDS lacking SIVE, indicating that these two classifications are more difficult to distinguish metabolically. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.