Table 3.
Linear regression coefficients on natural log transformed plasma carotenoids by one unit change in cardiovascular disease related biomarkers among 2895 women in Women's Health Study
| Natural Log transformed plasma carotenoids | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomedical markers | α-carotene | β-carotene | β-cryptoxanthin | lycopene | lutein/zeaxanthin |
| Sβ1(P) | Sβ (P) | Sβ (P) | Sβ (P) | Sβ (P) | |
|
|
|||||
| Total cholesterol (40mg/dl) | |||||
| Simple adjusted model2 | -0.0123 (0.49) | 0.0071 (0.61) | 0.0036 (0.79) | 0.015 (0.17) | 0.0063 (0.47) |
| Multivariate model4 | -0.012 (0.54) | 0.0050 (0.75) | 0.012 (0.44) | 0.0040 (0.75) | 0.0065 (0.51) |
| LDL cholesterol (30mg/dl) | |||||
| Simple adjusted model2 | 0.12 (0.0002) | 0.13 (<0.0001) | 0.027 (0.30) | 0.076 (0.0003) | -0.011 (0.49) |
| Multivariate model4 | 0.16 (<0.0001) | 0.15 (<0.0001) | 0.054 (0.06) | 0.082 (0.0004) | 0.0040 (0.83) |
| HDL cholesterol (10mg/dl) | |||||
| Simple adjusted model2 | 0.032 (0.008) | 0.017 (0.09) | 0.034 (0.0004) | -0.051 (<0.0001) | 0.026 (<0.0001) |
| Multivariate model4 | 0.0057 (0.70) | -0.0049 (0.68) | 0.014 (0.24) | -0.054 (<0.0001) | 0.011 (0.12) |
| HbA1c (0.3%) | |||||
| Simple adjusted model2 | -0.014 (0.03) | -0.011 (0.05) | -0.011 (0.03) | 0.012 (0.005) | -0.0057 (0.08) |
| Multivariate model4 | 0.0007 (0.93) | 0.0048 (0.47) | -0.0012 (0.85) | 0.014 (0.006) | 0.0045 (0.28) |
| C-reactive protein (2mg/L) | |||||
| Simple adjusted model2 | -0.018 (0.002) | -0.020 (<0.0001) | -0.015 (0.001) | 0.0089 (0.01) | -0.0064 (0.03) |
| Multivariate model4 | -0.012 (0.06) | -0.013 (0.01) | -0.0081 (0.12) | 0.0043 (0.29) | -0.0016 (0.61) |
: Regression coefficients were standardized to the units specified in parenthesis for each biomarker.
: Model adjusted for age and race for total cholesterol, additionally adjusted for total cholesterol for the other biomarkers.
: The percentage changes presented in text were calculated by taking exponential of these regression coefficients (all such values).
: Model additionally adjusted for smoking (never, former, current <15 cigarettes/day, current ≥15 cigarettes/day), alcohol use (rarely/never, 1-3 drinks/mo, 1-6 drinks/wk, ≥1 drink/d), vigorous exercise (rarely/never, <1, 1-3, ≥4 times/wk), menopausal status (yes, no, uncertain), post-menopausal hormone use (never, former, current), multivitamin use (never, former, current), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes, no), hypertension (yes, no), and diabetes (yes, no), body mass index (continuous), and dietary intake of respective carotenoid (continuous).