Table 7.

Filtering rules for species, direct references, and chromosomal locations

	Species
-	non-human-species <candidate name>
+	human and nonhuman-species <candidate name>
-	<candidate name> {(, ','} {a, an, the} not-human-species
+	<candidate name> {(, ','} {a, an, the} human
+	human <candidate name> {(, ','} {a, an, the}
	Direct mentions, cell lines, chromosomal loci
+	<candidate name> {gene, protein}
-	<candidate name> {cell(s), culture(s)}
+	{locus, loci, location, chromosome, chromosomal, gene * associated}

Examples for heuristic rules to filter out candidate names when they appear to refer to some other concept (gene from another species, cell line, disease locus). '<candidate name>' refers to the occurrence of the potential gene name under consideration. Keep (+) or remove (-) a candidate name when the sentence contains the pattern ('+' rules have preference). 'human' includes references to mammals.