Table 1.

Rates of Problems and Success in Childhood/Adolescence Among the 4 Groups of Children by LBW and Childhood Abuse Status^*

	Group
	1 Neither (n = 1232)	2 Only LBW (n = 246)	3 Only Abuse (n = 226)	4 Both LBW and Abuse (n = 44)	Unadjusted Statistics	Adjusted Statistics	Significant Pairwise Comparison†
Delinquency, No. (%)
Run away from home	153 (12.4)	34 (13.8)	94 (41.6)	13 (29.5)	${\chi }_3^2=122.9$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=80.6$ ‡	1, 2 < 3, 4
High school dropout	220 (17.9)	53 (21.5)	73 (32.3)	18 (40.9)	${\chi }_3^2=34.2$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=12.7$ §	1 < 3, 4
Traded sex for money/drugs/food	26 (2.1)	1 (0.4)	25 (11.1)	3 (6.8)	${\chi }_3^2=51.7$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=31.3$ ‡	1, 2 < 3, 4
School suspension, No. (%)
Lifetime history	610 (49.5)	123 (50.0)	150 (66.4)	34 (77.3)	${\chi }_3^2=33.2$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=23.7$ ‡	1, 2 < 3, 4
In primary education	138 (11.2)	31 (12.6)	46 (20.4)	13 (29.5)	${\chi }_3^2=24.9$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=18.2$ ‡	1, 2 < 3, 4
In junior high school	403 (32.7)	82 (33.3)	104 (46.0)	28 (63.6)	${\chi }_3^2=30.9$ ‡||	${\chi }_3^2=22.6$ ‡	1, 2 <3 < 4
In high school	255 (20.7)	48 (19.5)	78 (34.5)	13 (29.5)	${\chi }_3^2=23.9$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=18.3$ ‡	1, 2 < 4
Repeating grades
Repeated grades—lifetime, No. (%)||	370 (30.0)	77 (31.3)	99 (43.8)	20 (45.5)	${\chi }_3^2=20.8$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=10.3$¶	1 < 3
Repeated grades at ages 5–8 y, No. (%)#	79 (6.4)	27 (11.3)	15 (6.7)	4 (9.3)	${\chi }_3^2=7.1$ **	${\chi }_3^2=7.7$¶	1 < 2
No. of repeated grades, mean (SD)	0.36 (0.57)	0.41 (0.64)	0.54 (0.68)	0.57 (0.63)	F3,1744 = 7.3‡	F3,1616 = 3.8§	1, 2 < 3, 4
Honor and success in growing up, No. (%)
Honor roll	641 (52.0)	118 (48.0)	98 (43.4)	12 (27.3)	${\chi }_3^2=15.6$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=9.6$¶	1 > 4
Scholarship	196 (15.9)	36 (14.6)	24 (10.6)	3 (6.8)	${\chi }_3^2=6.6$ **	${\chi }_3^2=2.8$
Honor society	151 (12.3)	37 (15.0)	11 (4.9)	2 (4.5)	${\chi }_3^2=15.6$ ‡	${\chi }_3^2=8.1$¶	1, 2 > 3, 4

Abbreviation: LBW, low birth weight.

^*Unadjusted analysis was based on χ² analysis for dichotomous outcomes and analysis of variance for continuous outcomes. Adjusted analysis was based on logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes and analysis of covariance for continuous outcomes.

^†Numbers denote group numbers.

^‡P<.001.

^§P<.01.

^||Based on self-report in adulthood.

^¶P<.05.

^#Collected at age 8 years from mothers by child psychologists.

^**P<.10.