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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Oct 17;20(3):243–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01021.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antagonist (10−6 mol L−1) and L-NG-nitro arginine (L-NNA) (10−4 mol L−1) on the inhibitory electrical field stimulation (EFS) response at 3 Hz for the entire 10-s interval (A), the first 4 s (B) and the last 6 s (C) of EFS; #P < 0.05 (ANOVA) compared to control response, L-NNA alone, and VIP antagonist alone. ‡P < 0.01 compared to naïve control (NC) under same condition (VIP antagonist + L-NNA). The combination of the VIP antagonist and L-NNA reduced the inhibitory EFS response during the entire 10 s and the last 6 s of EFS in both groups, greater in NC than in small bowel transplantation (SBT), causing net excitation during the last 6 s in NC. L-NNA alone attenuated the EFS-induced inhibition during the entire 10 s and the last 6 s of EFS. EFS-induced inhibition was unaffected by the VIP antagonist and L-NNA during the first 4 s of EFS.