Table 2.
Clinical Presentation of Pediatric Patients With Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes[1,4,23]
| Clinical Presentation | Type 1 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes |
|---|---|---|
| Onset | Abrupt | Insidious |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes | Uncommon | Common |
| Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome | Uncommon | Common |
| Obesity | Not typically present; may be thin | Typically present |
| Polyuria | Symptomatic | Mild or absent |
| Polydipsia | Symptomatic | Mild or absent |
| Ketonuria | Usually present | Present in up to 33% of patients[4] |
| Ketoacidosis | Present in 30% to 40% of patients at diagnosis | Present in 5% to 25% of patients at diagnosis[4]Higher risk in African Americans |
| Hypertension | Not typically present | Typically present |
| Hyperlipidemia | Not typically present | Typically present |
| Sleep apnea | Not typically present | Often present |
| Acanthosis nigricans | Not present | Often present |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | Not present | May be present (females) |
| C-peptide levels | Low* | Normal or elevated† |
| Beta-cell autoimmune markers (autoantibodies to islet cells, GAD, and/or insulin) | Often but not always present (> 70%)[4,23] | Absent or low (< 35%)[4,23] |
GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase
*
May be higher during the “honeymoon phase”
†
May be lower at time of presentation due to acute glucotoxicity