TABLE 3.
Regression estimates of anthropometric and dietary characteristics among 116 HIV-positive children in 20041
| Characteristic | Males (n = 49 children, 330 observations) | Females (n = 67 children, 411 observations) | P2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| HAART-exposed (%)3 | 98.8 (85.2, 99.9) | 97.2 (84.3, 99.6) | 0.63 |
| CD4 (%) | 31.6 (26.3, 36.9) | 27.7 (23.9, 31.4) | 0.24 |
| Height (z score) | -0.92 (-1.32, -0.51) | -0.29 (-0.77, 0.19) | 0.05 |
| Weight (z score) | -0.38 (-0.91, 0.15) | 0.11 (-0.23, 0.44) | 0.13 |
| BMI (z score) | 0.01 (-0.55, 0.57) | 0.25 (-0.02, 0.51) | 0.46 |
| BMI ≥ 85th percentile (%)3 | 27.3 (11.3, 52.7) | 22.5 (12.2, 37.7) | 0.69 |
| BMI ≥ 95th percentile (%)3 | 4.0 (0.9, 15.9) | 4.4 (1.3, 13.8) | 0.91 |
| Triceps skinfold ≥ 85th percentile (%)3 | 16.8 (3.4, 53.7) | 14.6 (5.9, 31.7) | 0.87 |
| AMC ≥ 85th percentile (%)3 | 15.0 (4.9, 37.6) | 20.9 (10.8, 36.6) | 0.59 |
| Kilocalories (% of EER) | 134.9 (117.7, 152.1) | 119.4 (110.8, 128.0) | 0.11 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 49.9 (46.5, 53.4) | 55.2 (53.2, 57.2) | 0.01 |
| Sugar (% of energy) | 21.5 (18.8, 24.2) | 24.7 (21.6, 27.7) | 0.13 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 35.0 (31.8, 38.1) | 31.3 (29.5, 33.2) | 0.06 |
| Monounsaturated (% of energy) | 10.6 (9.4, 11.8) | 8.8 (8.0, 9.6) | 0.01 |
| Polyunsaturated (% of energy) | 4.8 (3.9, 5.6) | 4.2 (3.6, 4.7) | 0.21 |
| Saturated (% of energy) | 12.3 (11.0, 13.6) | 10.9 (9.9, 11.9) | 0.09 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 15.9 (14.4, 17.5) | 14.6 (13.6, 15.6) | 0.13 |
| Protein (% of RDA) | 252.4 (197.5, 307.4) | 160.1 (129.6, 190.7) | 0.002 |
| Dietary fiber (% of AI) | 43.5 (36.8, 50.3) | 45.8 (39.6, 52.1) | 0.62 |
| Cholesterol (% of USDA guideline) | 99.8 (74.2, 125.4) | 72.8 (61.0, 84.7) | 0.07 |
| Known oral supplement use (%)3 | 38.0 (14.6, 68.8) | 5.1 (1.3, 18.6) | 0.01 |
All values are means unless designated as proportions and expressed as percentages (see footnote 3); 95% CIs in parentheses (all such values). For some variables, the number of male/female subjects (observations) was different from that indicated in the table header. CD4: 45/60 (275/353); sugar: 46/62 (216/273); monounsaturated and saturated fat: 47/66 (284/341); polyunsaturated fat: 45/65 (275/331); dietary fiber: 48/66 (287/350); and cholesterol: 48/66 (290/353). Sex-specific means or proportions at the end of the study period with 50% weight on each center and their 95% CIs were estimated with generalized linear models including center, sex, years since the beginning of the study (14 February 1995), and the interaction between years and sex. HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; AMC, arm-muscle circumference; EER, estimated energy requirement; RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance; AI, adequate intake; USDA, US Department of Agriculture.
Estimates were obtained by using generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable working correlation structure to account for potential correlations between repeated measurements in the same individuals. The estimated proportion was calculated by using the logit link and applying backtransformation to the sex-specific linear predictors at the end of the study period.A working independence correlation structure was used to model the proportion of HAART-exposed children because of convergence problems with an exchangeable working correlation structure. P value for the two-sided Wald test of no sex difference in the estimated mean or proportion at the end of the study period (no sex difference in linear predictors from the generalized linear model at the end of the study period).
Estimated proportion from the generalized linear model expressed as a percentage.