TABLE 4.
Regression estimates of per-annum changes in anthropometric and dietary characteristics among 116 HIV-positive children from 1995 to 20041
| Characteristic | Males (n = 49 children, 330 observations) |
Females (n = 67 children, 411 observations) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per annum change (95% CI)2 |
P2,3 | Per annum change (95% CI)2 |
P2,3 | P for sex difference2,4 | |
| HAART-exposed5 | 1.93 (1.36, 2.75) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.45, 2.47) | <0.001 | 0.93 |
| CD4 (%) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | <0.001 | 0.3 (-0.1, 0.6) | 0.13 | 0.002 |
| Height (z score) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.07) | 0.69 | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.08) | 0.50 | 0.81 |
| Weight (z score) | 0.02 (-0.06, 0.10) | 0.57 | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.07) | 0.21 | 0.95 |
| BMI (z score) | -0.02 (-0.10, 0.07) | 0.68 | -0.01 (-0.04, 0.03) | 0.70 | 0.82 |
| BMI ≤ 85th percentile5 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.34) | 0.08 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.73 | 0.16 |
| BMI ≤ 95th percentile5 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 0.41 | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.10 |
| Triceps skinfold ≤ 85th percentile5 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 0.87 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.43 | 0.64 |
| AMC ≤ 85th percentile5 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.99 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.52 | 0.73 |
| Kilocalories (% of EER) | -2.8 (-5.1, -0.5) | 0.02 | -2.1 (-3.5, -0.7) | 0.004 | 0.61 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | -0.4 (-0.9, 0.1) | 0.13 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| Sugar (% of energy) | 0.0 (-0.5, 0.4) | 0.85 | 0.4 (-0.1, 0.9) | 0.10 | 0.18 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 0.2 (-0.3, 0.7) | 0.47 | -0.3 (-0.6, 0.1) | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| Monounsaturated (% of energy) | 0.1 (-0.1, 0.3) | 0.46 | -0.1 (-0.3, 0.0) | 0.04 | 0.07 |
| Polyunsaturated (% of energy) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | 0.92 | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.0) | 0.05 | 0.22 |
| Saturated (% of energy) | 0.0 (-0.2, 0.2) | 0.75 | -0.2 (-0.4, 0.0) | 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 0.1 (-0.1, 0.4) | 0.16 | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.1) | 0.29 | 0.08 |
| Protein (% of RDA) | -13.2 (-21.2, -5.2) | 0.001 | -20.8 (-25.3, -16.2) | -0.001 | 0.11 |
| Dietary fiber (% of AI) | -0.2 (-1.2, 0.7) | 0.64 | 0.6 (-0.4, 1.7) | 0.24 | 0.23 |
| Cholesterol (% of USDA guideline) | 1.7 (-2.2, 5.7) | 0.39 | 1.2 (-1.1, 3.5) | 0.29 | 0.83 |
| Known oral supplement use5 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 0.44 | 0.80 (0.65, 0.97) | 0.02 | 0.03 |
For some variables, the number of male/female subjects (observations) was different from that indicated in the table header. CD4 (%): 45/60 (275/353); sugar: 46/62 (216/273); monounsaturated and saturated fat: 47/66 (284/341); polyunsaturated fat: 45/65 (275/331); dietary fiber: 48/66 (287/350); cholesterol: 48/66 (290/353). OR, odds ratio; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; AMC, arm-muscle circumference; EER, estimated energy requirement; RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance; AI, adequate intake; USDA, US Department of Agriculture.
Sex-specific per-annum changes or ORs and their 95% CIs were estimated with generalized linear models including center, sex, years since the beginning of the study (14 February 1995), and the interaction between years and sex. Estimates were obtained by using generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable working correlation structure to account for potential correlations between repeated measurements in the same individuals. The logit link was used for proportions. A working independence correlation structure was used to model the proportion of HAART-exposed children because of convergence problems with an exchangeable working correlation structure.
P value for the 2-sided Wald test of no per-annum trend (zero sex-specific years effect in the generalized linear model).
P value for the 2-sided Wald test of no sex difference in per-annum trends (no interaction between years and sex in the generalized linear model).
Estimated per-annum OR from the generalized linear model.