Table 2.

Descriptions of the Checkpoints and the Safe Drivers Wanted parent management programs

	Checkpoints Program73,74,88–,90	Raising Healthy Children Project/Safe Drivers Wanted80
Purpose	Test efficacy and effectiveness of program	Test efficacy and effectiveness of program
Design	Randomized controlled trials of participants recruited at DMVs in two treatment conditions (experimental vs. comparison groups)	Randomized controlled trials of 10 schools with high-risk level, recruited as part of the Raising Healthy Children Project in two treatment conditions (experimental vs. control groups)
Sample	Permit: N = 469 and N = 3743 parent-adolescent dyads Licensure: N = 658 parent-adolescent dyads	N = 924 parent-adolescent dyads
Theory	Protection motivation theory	Social development
Intervention	At permit: - Experimental: persuasive newsletters from permit to 6-months postlicensure; video at permit; driving agreement when eligible to test for a license - Comparison: newsletters related to driving, but not to safety from permit to 6-months postlicensure At licensure: - Experimental: persuasive newsletter; video, driving agreement, personal admonishment - Comparison: newsletter related to driving, but not to safety	- Experimental: two targeted in-person or mailed family sessions focusing on driving issues prior to and after teenagers received license, delivered within the context of the Raising Healthy Children Project - Control: no special treatment
Results	Experimental group (significant treatment group effects): - More likely to report adopting and maintaining a driving agreement - Stricter limits on driving privileges - Fewer risky driving behaviors - Fewer traffic violations	Experimental group (significant treatment group effects): - More likely to report completing a driving agreement - Less driving under the influence of alcohol and with someone under age 21 who had been drinking

DMV = department of motor vehicles.