Table 5.

Anova results for the growth traits height growth rate (hGR), biomass, root mass fraction and leaf succulence (a) and for leaf ion contents (b) in a salt tolerance experiment (split-plot design) with the hybrid species Helianthus paradoxus and its progenitors Helianthus annuus and Helianthus petiolaris

		Treatment	Error_{whole plot}	Population	Population × treatment	Error_subplot
(a) Growth traits
	df	3	45–48^a	2	6	113–127
hGR
H. annuus	SS	691.72	957.86	68.29	106.80	1511.82
	F	10.832^***		2.710 ns	1.413 ns	df = 122
H. paradoxus	SS	164.21	535.73	56.09	46.68	1683.05
	F	4.598^**		1.999 ns	0.555 ns	df = 126
H. petiolaris	SS	2353.17	850.03	220.97	148.45	1962.92
	F	41.525^***		6.754^**	1.513 ns	df = 113
Biomass
H. annuus	SS	5.602	9.280	0.134	1.718	9.280
	F	9.658^***		0.359 ns	1.536 ns	df = 120
H. paradoxus	SS	3.039	4.916	3.002	2.426	15.297
	F	9.891^***		12.561^***	3.383^**	df = 127
H. petiolaris	SS	9.140	4.584	0.860	0.713	15.999
	F	31.901^***		3.441^*	0.951 ns	df = 114
Root mass fraction
H. annuus	SS	3.356	2.689	11.062	0.605	8.387
	F	19.967^***		84.416^***	1.538 ns	df = 118
H. paradoxus	SS	2.372	1.776	5.171	0.661	9.252
	F	21.366^***		35.769^***	1.523 ns	df = 126
H. petiolaris	SS	4.778	3.939	1.887	0.313	5.728
	F	19.410^***		21.083^***	1.165 ns	df = 108
Succulence
H. annuus	SS	116.07	329.88	371.44	44.37	987.99
	F	5.630^**		24.061^***	0.958 ns	df = 118
H. paradoxus	SS	611.42	836.31	724.61	42.29	2401.65
	F	11.697^***		19.310^***	0.376 ns	df = 121
H. petiolaris	SS	115.16	280.10	30.41	45.92	280.101
	F	6.578^***		2.023 ns	1.018 ns	df = 112
(b) Leaf ion contents
	df	3	27	2	6	66–71
Sodium
H. annuus	SS	33.955	24.457	14.008	10.958	48.559
	F	12.495^***		10.385^***	2.708^*	df = 67
H. paradoxus	SS	159.875	3.763	0.305	0.631	6.980
	F	382.35^***		1.57 ns	1.08 ns	df = 71
H. petiolaris	SS	115.991	27.491	0.617	5.489	38.952
	F	37.973^***		0.570 ns	1.691 ns	df = 67
Potassium
H. annuus	SS	3.058	3.032	3.470	0.065	6.585
	F	9.078^***		18.971^***	0.119 ns	df = 69
H. paradoxus	SS	89.322	6.039	13.741	2.671	18.218
	F	133.120^***		27.154^***	1.760 ns	df = 71
H. petiolaris	SS	1.057	8.584	0.466	0.783	14.261
	F	1.108 ns		1.177 ns	0.629 ns	df = 67
Calcium
H. annuus	SS	0.6805	7.7781	1.0349	0.7848	10.7930
	F	0.787 ns		3.452^*	0.873 ns	df = 69
H. paradoxus	SS	16.148	2.671	0.473	0.564	6.839
	F	54.412^***		2.490 ns	0.989 ns	df = 71
H. petiolaris	SS	3.6187	3.1477	6.2480	0.7536	6.2152
	F	10.347^***		36.190^***	1.455 ns	df = 67
Magnesium
H. annuus	SS	0.567	1.324	1.356	0.242	2.435
	F	3.857^*		20.105^***	1.194 ns	df = 69
H. paradoxus	SS	2.028	0.571	0.820	0.166	1.758
	F	31.965^***		16.789^***	1.131 ns	df = 70
H. petiolaris	SS	0.369	1.441	0.113	0.114	1.621
	F	2.302 ns		2.518 ns	0.845 ns	df = 68
Sulfur
H. annuus	SS	2.121	0.637	4.567	0.464	2.811
	F	29.950^***		58.357^***	1.981 ns	df = 69
H. paradoxus	SS	0.5274	0.6775	1.5487	0.7033	2.4711
	F	7.007^**		22.263^***	3.416^**	df = 70
H. petiolaris	SS	6.364	1.054	0.160	0.505	5.113
	F	54.364^***		1.123 ns	1.185 ns	df = 66

Significance is indicated by asterisks:

^***

P < 0.001;

^**

P < 0.01;

P < 0.05; ns, P > 0.05.

Whole-plot error df were 45 for hGR and 48 for all other growth traits.