Table 2.

Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer and Association of Pancreatic Cancer With HBV or HCV Infection: Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis

Variable	Cases (n = 476)		Controls (n = 879)		Univariable		Multivariable
	No.	%	No.	%	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
HCV
Anti-HCV–negative	469	98.5	870	99		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Anti-HCV–positive	7	1.5	9	1	1.4	0.5 to 3.9	0.9	0.3 to 2.8
HBV
HBsAg-negative/Anti-HBc–negative*	440	92.4	851	96.8		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
HBsAg–positive/Anti-HBc–positive†	0	0	1	0.1		—
HBsAg–negative/Anti-HBc–positive‡	36	7.6	27	3.1	2.5	1.5 to 4.1	2.5	1.5 to 4.2
Anti-HBc–positive/Anti-HBs–positive§	24	5	20	2.3	2.3	1.3 to 4.3	2.3	1.2 to 4.3
Anti-HBc–positive/Anti-HBs–negative¶	12	2.5	6	0.7	3.9	1.4 to 10.4	4	1.4 to 11.1
Diabetes
No	368	77.3	792	90.1		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	108	22.7	87	9.9	2.7	1.9 to 3.6	2.9	2.1 to 4
Cigarette smoking
No	201	42.2	451	51.3		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	275	57.8	428	48.7	1.4	1.2 to 1.8	1.4	1.1 to 1.8
Alcohol drinking
No	198	41.6	384	43.7		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	278	58.4	495	56.3	1.1	0.9 to 1.4	1	0.8 to 1.3
Family history of cancer
No	102	21.4	279	31.7		1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Yes	374	78.6	600	68.3	1.7	1.3 to 2.2	1.8	1.4 to 2.3

Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; OR, odds ratio; anti-HBc, anti-hepatitis B core antigen; anti-HBs, anti-hepatitis B surface antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.

^*Never exposed.

^†Chronic carrier of HBV.

^‡Past exposure to HBV.

^§Past exposure to HBV with natural immunity.

^¶Possibly chronically infected and have an undetectable level of HBsAg present in the serum.