Table 3.

Indicators of collaboration according to the typology

Indicators	Active Collaboration LEVEL 3	Developing Collaboration LEVEL 2	Potential or Latent Collaboration LEVEL 1
Goals	Consensual, comprehensive goals	Some shared ad hoc goals	Conflicting goals or absence of shared goals
Client-centred orientation vs. other allegiances	Client-centred orientation	Professional or organizational interests drive orientations	Tendency to let private interests drive orientations
Mutual acquaintanceship	Frequent opportunities to meet, regular joint activities	Few opportunities to meet, few joint activities	No opportunities to meet, no joint activities
Trust	Grounded trust	Trust is conditional, is taking shape.	Lack of trust
Centrality	Strong and active central body that fosters consensus	Central body with an ill-defined role, ambiguous political and strategic role.	Absence of a central body, quasi-absence of a political role.
Leadership	Shared, consensual leadership	Unfocused, fragmented leadership that has little impact	Non-consensual, monopolistic leadership
Support for innovation	Expertise that fosters introduction of collaboration and innovation	Sporadic, fragmented expertise	Little or no expertise available to support collaboration and innovation
Connectivity	Many venues for discussion and participation	Ad hoc discussion venues related to specific issues	Quasi-absence of discussion venues
Formalization tools	Consensual agreements, jointly defined rules	Non-consensual agreements, do not reflect practices or are in the process of being negotiated or constructed	No agreement or agreement not respected, a source of conflict
Information exchange	Common infrastructure for collecting and exchanging information	Incomplete information-exchange infrastructure, does not meet needs or is used inappropriately	Relative absence of any common infrastructure or mechanism for collecting or exchanging information