Table 5 Economic costs of smoking in China, 2000, among adults of age 35 and older. Unit: US$1000.

Type of costs	Urban			Rural			Both areas		Total
	Male	Female	Subtotal	Male	Female	Subtotal	Male	Female
Direct medical costs
Inpatient	444692	66868	511561	135867	6983	142851	580560	73851	654411
Outpatient	475395	117224	592619	277897	28432	306329	753292	145656	898949
Self‐medication	88117	33617	121735	26435	4177	30612	114552	37794	152347
Subtotal	1008205	217710	1225915	440199	39592	479792	1448404	257302	1705707
Indirect morbidity costs
Transportation and caregivers	63690	14239	77929	41675	2860	44534	105365	17099	122464
Absence from work	86023	11867	97889	153118	19555	172674	239141	31422	270563
Subtotal	149713	26106	175819	194793	22415	217208	344506	48521	393027
Indirect mortality costs	752688	37719	790407	2063620	81466	2145086	2816308	119185	2935493
Total	1910606	281535	2192141	2698612	143473	2842085	4609218	425008	5034226

Exchange rate of the Chinese Yuan against US$  = 8.2784 based on China Statistical Yearbook, 2003, table 17‐2.