Table 3 Prevalence of smoking in 1996 and 2004 by education and material deprivation in men, directly standardised for age.
| 1996 | 2004 | RR 2004/1996 (95% CI) | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Smokers | n | Smokers | |||
| All | 728 | 61% | 726 | 63% | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | 0.471 |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary | 260 | 65% | 214 | 73% | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 0.066 |
| Secondary | 363 | 60% | 413 | 63% | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17) | 0.403 |
| University | 105 | 51% | 99 | 40% | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.04) | 0.085 |
| p for trend | 0.003 | <0.001 | Heterogeneity p = 0.040 | |||
| Deprivation | ||||||
| Least | 207 | 56% | 326 | 61% | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.27) | 0.237 |
| Medium | 254 | 57% | 230 | 61% | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) | 0.399 |
| Most | 270 | 70% | 171 | 68% | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.10) | 0.574 |
| p for trend | 0.01 | 0.156 | Heterogeneity p = 0.42 | |||
| Urbanisation | ||||||
| Moscow | 43 | 62% | 43 | 47% | 0.74 (0.50 to 1.10) | 0.131 |
| >0.5 M | 170 | 58% | 149 | 56% | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.16) | 0.649 |
| <0.5 M | 93 | 62% | 152 | 62% | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | 0.935 |
| Towns | 225 | 64% | 158 | 61% | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 0.519 |
| Villages | 190 | 63% | 225 | 71% | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.29) | 0.085 |
| p for trend | 0.567 | 0.002 | Heterogeneity p = 0.126 | |||
CI, confidence interval; M, million; RR, relative risk.