Table 3 Results of the structural equation modelling using robust maximum likelihood for six countries: path‐coefficients (with standard errors), significance levels and effect sizes.
Finland | Denmark | Netherlands | United Kingdom | Spain | Portugal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1243 | n = 572 | n = 1987 | n = 1746 | n = 647 | n = 907 | |
Adolescent–adolescent(path 1) | 0.818 | 1.152 | 1.180 | 0.934 | 0.973 | 0.726 |
(0.070) | (0.103) | (0.071) | (0.085) | (0.110) | (0.143) | |
p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |
Friend–friend(path 2) | 0.693 | 0.443 | 0.498 | 0.215 | 0.606 | 0.994 |
(0.108) | (0.176) | (0.089) | (0.124) | (0.139) | (0.313) | |
p<0.001 | p = 0.012 | p<0.001 | NS | p<0.001 | p = 0.001 | |
Parent–parent(path 3) | 0.938 | 0.862 | 0.962 | 0.887 | 0.824 | 0.822 |
(0.043) | (0.088) | (0.034) | (0.037) | (0.085) | (0.071) | |
p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p <0.001 | |
Friend–adolescent(path 4) | −0.021 | −0.083 | −0.224 | −0.203 | 0.214 | 1.103 |
(0.172) | (0.199) | (0.125) | (0.208) | (0.156) | (0.480) | |
NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | p = 0.02 | |
ES = 0.002% | ES = 0.03% | ES = 0.39% | ES = 0.13% | ES = 0.55% | ES = 2.04% | |
Adolescent–friend(path 5) | 0.115 | 0.310 | 0.234 | 0.210 | 0.144 | 0.043 |
(0.040) | (0.074) | (0.046) | (0.047) | (0.074) | (0.083) | |
p = 0.004 | p <0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | NS | NS | |
ES = 1.25% | ES = 5.16% | ES = 4.2% | ES = 3.31% | ES = 1.16% | ES = 0.06% | |
Parent–adolescent(path 6) | 0.337 | 0.356 | 0.160 | 0.142 | 0.025 | 0.158 |
(0.099) | (0.160) | (0.058) | (0.054) | (0.128) | (0.096) | |
p<0.001 | p = 0.013 | p = 0.006 | p = 0.009 | NS | NS | |
ES = 1.38% | ES = 0.87% | ES = 0.55% | ES = 0.74% | ES = 0.008% | ES = 0.09% | |
Parent–friend(path 7) | 0.153 | 0.256 | 0.132 | 0.068 | 0.116 | 0.044 |
(0.055) | (0.109) | (0.040) | (0.029) | (0.101) | (0.062) | |
p = 0.003 | p = 0.019 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.019 | NS | NS | |
ES = 1.08% | ES = 1.07% | ES = 1.24% | ES = 0.83% | ES = 0.35% | ES = 0.31% | |
Satorra Bentler | 306.367 | 236.394 | 387.348 | 266.803 | 200.947 | 259.920 |
df = 97 | df = 121 | df = 114 | df = 129 | df = 129 | df = 122 | |
p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |
CFI | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.990 | 0.995 | 0.989 | 0.988 |
TLI | 0.984 | 0.975 | 0.982 | 0.990 | 0.978 | 0.976 |
RMSEA | 0.0417 | 0.0409 | 0.0347 | 0.0247 | 0.0294 | 0.0353 |
R2 for adolescent smoking | 0.442 | 0.627 | 0.527 | 0.455 | 0.406 | 0.552 |
CFI, comparative fit index; ES, effect size; RMSEA, root mean square of approximation; TLI, Tucker‐Lewis index.