Table 4 Results of the structural equation modelling using full information maximum likelihood for six countries: path‐coefficients (with standard errors), significance levels and effect sizes (ES) for path 4, 5, 6 and 7.

	Finland	Denmark	Netherlands	United Kingdom	Spain	Portugal
	n = 1243	n = 572	n = 1987	n = 1746	n = 647	n = 907
Friend–adolescent(path 4)	0.002	0.032	−0.184	−0.205	0.241	0.859
	(0.148)	(0.179)	(0.087)	(0.166)	(0.126)	(0.308)
	NS	NS	p = 0.0344	NS	NS	p = 0.005
	ES = 0.00%	ES = 0.005%	ES = 0.28%	ES = 0.13%	ES = 0.77%	ES = 1.16%
Adolescent–friend(path 5)	0.133	0.333	0.243	0.224	0.163	0.040
	(0.035)	(0.060)	(0.033)	(0.040)	(0.066)	(0.075)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p = 0.013	NS
	ES = 1.63%	ES = 5.91%	ES = 4.57%	ES = 3.72 %	ES = 1.60%	ES = 0.05%
Parent–adolescent(path 6)	0.328	0.351	0.156	0.141	0.024	0.122
	(0.092)	(0.150)	(0.054)	(0.048)	(0.113)	(0.086)
	p<0.001	p = 0.0195	p = 0.004	p = 0.004	NS	NS
	ES = 1.55%	ES = 0.96%	ES = 0.57%	ES = 0.79%	ES = 0.01%	ES = 0.23%
Parent–friend(path 7)	0.148	0.248	0.130	0.068	0.108	0.045
	(0.05)	(0.107)	(0.037)	(0.027)	(0.093)	(0.062)
	p = 0.003	p<0.001	p<0.001	p = 0.012	NS	NS
	ES = 1.18%	ES = 1.21%	ES = 1.27%	ES = 0.89%	ES = 0.41%	ES = 0.11%