Table 2 Risk factors for incident syphilis infection among STD/RTI clinic patients, Pune, India, May 1993–April 2000.
| Characteristic | Incident syphilis | Person years* | Syphilis incidence rate (95% CI) | Unadjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 172 | 3166.2 | 5.4 (4.8 to 6.5) | – | – |
| Year | |||||
| 1993–6 | 104 | 1377.0 | 7.6 (6.2 to 9.2) | 1.00 (Referent) | <0.001 |
| 1997–2000 | 68 | 1789.2 | 3.8 (3.0 to 4.9) | 0.50 (0.37 to 0.69) | |
| Gender/risk group | |||||
| Male STI patient | 137 | 2690.8 | 5.1 (4.3 to 6.0) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.51 |
| Hijra | 1 | 10.3 | 9.7 (0.3 to 54.0) | 1.91 (0.05 to 10.8) | 0.72 |
| Female STI patient | 10 | 223.5 | 4.5 (2.2 to 8.2) | 0.88 (0.41 to 1.67) | 0.005 |
| Female sex worker | 24 | 241.6 | 9.9 (6.4 to 14.7) | 1.95 (1.21 to 3.03) | |
| Age group (years) | |||||
| <20 | 19 | 140.3 | 13.5 (8.2 to 21.1) | 2.57 (1.46 to 4.33) | <0.001 |
| 20–24 | 51 | 934.4 | 5.5 (4.1 to 7.2) | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.51) | 0.85 |
| 25–29 | 36 | 840.2 | 4.3 (3.0 to 5.9) | 0.81 (0.53 to 1.24) | 0.32 |
| 30+ | 66 | 1251.3 | 5.3 (4.1 to 6.8) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| Education | |||||
| None | 49 | 474.2 | 10.3 (7.6 to 13.7) | 2.40 (1.62 to 3.53) | <0.001 |
| <High school | 58 | 1182.9 | 4.9 (3.8 to 6.4) | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.65) | 0.48 |
| High school or more | 65 | 1508.2 | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.5) | 1.00 (Referent) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 81 | 1466.3 | 5.5 (4.4 to 6.9) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.71 |
| Married | 75 | 1440.0 | 5.2 (4.1 to 6.6) | 0.94 (0.68 to 1.31) | 0.67 |
| Separated† | 16 | 259.8 | 6.2 (3.5 to 10.0) | 1.11 (0.61 to 1.92) | |
| Living with family | |||||
| Yes | 131 | 2392.4 | 5.5 (4.6 to 6.5) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.89 |
| No | 41 | 769.8 | 5.3 (3.8 to 7.2) | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.39) | |
| Number of recent sexual partners | |||||
| None/one | 127 | 2434.8 | 5.2 (4.4 to 6.2) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.34 |
| Two or more | 45 | 731.3 | 6.2 (4.5 to 8.3) | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.67) | |
| Condom use | |||||
| No partners | 49 | 959.8 | 5.1 (3.8 to 6.8) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.36 |
| Always used | 21 | 523.1 | 4.0 (2.5 to 6.1) | 0.79 (0.45 to 1.34) | 0.80 |
| Sometimes used | 21 | 386.4 | 5.4 (3.4 to 8.3) | 1.06 (0.61 to 1.81) | 0.27 |
| Never used | 81 | 1296.8 | 6.3 (5.0 to 7.8) | 1.22 (0.85 to 1.78) | |
| Urethritis/cervicitis at current visit | |||||
| No | 160 | 2981.7 | 5.4 (4.6 to 6.3) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.51 |
| Yes | 12 | 184.5 | 6.5 (3.4 to 11.4) | 1.21 (0.61 to 2.18) | |
| Genital ulcer at current or previous visit | |||||
| None | 109 | 2572.2 | 4.2 (3.5 to 5.1) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.42 |
| Previous visit only | 14 | 263.2 | 5.3 (2.9 to 8.9) | 1.26 (0.66 to 2.20) | <0.001 |
| Current visit only | 25 | 177.9 | 14.1 (9.1 to 20.8) | 3.32 (2.06 to 5.16) | <0.001 |
| Current and previous | 21 | 104.4 | 20.1 (12.5 to 30.8) | 4.75 (2.82 to 7.62) | |
| Recent medical injection‡ | |||||
| No | 127 | 2002.1 | 6.3 (5.3 to 7.6) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 44 | 1152.4 | 3.8 (2.8 to 5.1) | 0.60 (0.42 to 0.85) | |
| Recent HIV‐1 infection | |||||
| No | 149 | 3023.1 | 4.9 (4.2 to 5.8) | 1.00 (Referent) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 23 | 142.7 | 16.1 (10.2 to 24.2) | 3.27 (2.01 to 5.09) | |
CI, confidence interval; CSW, commercial sex worker.
*Of 2324 individuals in the analysis, three were missing data on level of education, six were missing “living with family”; six were missing data on number of recent sexual partners at one of their follow up visits; two were missing genital lesion on examination at one visit; and one individual was missing HIV‐1 status at one follow up visit.
†Separated status included individuals who were separated from their spouse, divorced, or widowed.
¶‡Recent, within 6 months.