Table 1.

Mean range of motion of each model on the biomechanical study

			(mean± SD)
	ROM of forward – backward flextion	ROM of right – left side bending	ROM of right – left side rotaton
Normal control model	7.2° ± 4.8°	7.8° ± 3.8°	13.8° ± 7.1°
Injured model	18.6° ± 6.2°	22.1° ± 8.8°	24.8° ± 10.4°
PSF model	4.3° ± 2.9°	2.5° ± 1.3°	3.4° ± 2.6°
TS model	3.4° ± 2.2°	5.1° ± 2.5°	7.9° ± 5.2°

Normal control model; non-treatment model

Injured model; model resected the facet joint between L3 and L4

PSF model; model generated from the injured model with pedicle screw fixation

TS model; model created from the injured model with the Tadpole system^®