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Treatment effects (year 1) on coral mortality (A), absolute change (cm2) (B), or proportional change (%) (C) in colony area per coral (mean ± SE). Statistics are via (A) t tests (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01) of mortality against an expected of 0% (i.e., did significant mortality occur?), and (B and C) two-factor ANOVA. In B and C, * indicates a difference between single- and mixed-herbivore treatments as in Fig. 1. R = redband parrotfish, S = ocean surgeonfish.
