Immunoreactivities for glucagon and substance P are co-localized to bullwhip cells and neurites within the CMZ. Vertical section of the retina and CMZ were labeled with antibodies to substance P (green; a–c, f and i) and glucagon (red; a, b, d, g and j). Sections were obtained from central (a), peripheral (b–e), ventral (f–h) and far peripheral (i–k) regions of the retina. Small arrows indicate cells immunolabeled for substance P alone, the large arrows indicate cells labeled for glucagon alone, the combination of a large and small arrow indicates amacrine cells labeled for substance P and glucagon, and the arrow-heads indicate a bullwhip cell labeled for substance P and glucagon. The calibration bar (50 μm) in panel b applies to panels a and b, the bar in h applies to c–h, and the bar in k applies to i–k. Abbreviations: INL – inner nuclear layer, IPL – inner plexiform layer, GCL – ganglion cell layer, CMZ – circumferential marginal zone.