Table 3 Contributions of changes in mortality in the three educational groups (M effects) and of changes in the population educational structure (P effects) to the change in total life expectancy.

	Total change	M effects			P effect
		High education	Middle education	Low education
Men
Finland, e(30), 1988–89–1998–99	2.58	0.20	0.52	1.38	0.48
Czech Republic, e(40), 1984–85–1999–2000	2.52	0.17	0.49	1.58	0.28
Estonia, e(30), 1988–89–1999–2000	−1.29	0.18	−1.09	−1.35	0.96
Russia, e(30), 1988–89–1998	−2.46	−0.01	−1.54	−1.70	0.79
Women
Finland, e(30), 1988–89–1998–99	1.97	0.09	0.30	1.26	0.31
Czech Republic, e(40), 1984–85–1999–2000	1.79	0.04	0.36	1.26	0.13
Estonia, e(30), 1988–89–1999–2000	0.40	0.17	−0.25	−0.21	0.70
Russia, e(30), 1988–89–1998	−1.43	0.05	−0.54	−1.60	0.65