Hydrophilic residues involved in the binding of cyclic nucleotides in the GAF domains. The residues presented on the β-sheets and the loop linked to the β5 strand are hydrogen bonded directly to the cyclic nucleotides in the GAF-B domain of PDE2A (S424, T492, and E512) (A) and the GAF-A domain (T105, T176, and Q196) (B) and GAF-B domain (T293, T363, and Q383) (C) of adenylyl cyclase CyaB2. These hydrophilic residues are replaced by hydrophobic ones in the GAF-B domain of DevS (L254, V334, and L314) (D).