Figure 4. LILFU waveforms transmitted through whole brains are capable of stimulating calcium transients.

(A) Illustration of basic experimental procedure we developed to transmit LILFU waveforms through whole ex vivo brains prepared from adult wild-type mice and bath-loaded with OGB-1 AM. As depicted, LILFU waveforms were transmitted from the ventral surface of the brain through the tissue to the dorsal surface where we performed confocal imaging. (B) Individual (black) and averaged (green) Ca²⁺ transients observed in the somas of cells on the dorsal surface of an ex vivo brain in response to stimulation with LILFU-1, which was transmitted through the brain from the ventral surface. (C) Confocal images illustrating OGB-1 loaded cells on the dorsal surface of the brain. The image on left illustrates cells during baseline, while the image on the right illustrates cells two-seconds after stimulation with LILFU-1 ensued.