Table 4.

U-Cd (μg/g creatinine)-adjusted ORs^a for osteoporosis by outcome measure (data source), women ≥50 years of age, by smoking status.

	Osteoporosis				Satterwaithe p-value
	Yes	No	OR	95% CI
Hip BMD (NHANES III, 1988–1994)b
Never-smokers	360	1,361	1.20	0.98–1.48	0.08
Ever-smokers	219	886	1.12	0.90–1.39	0.29
Respondent-reported physician-diagnosed osteoporosis (NHANES 1999–2004)c
Never-smokers	100	441	2.05	0.99–4.23	0.05
Ever-smokers	84	300	1.55	0.91–2.65	0.10

^aORs interpreted per 1-μg/g creatinine increment.

^bAdjusted for age, race, income, and underweight.

^cAdjusted for age, race, income, underweight, and survey-respondent–reported physician diagnosis of renal impairment.