Table 4.
Adjusted ORsa (95% CIs) for cleft lip during the first 3 months of pregnancy in single- and three-pollutant models.
| Pollutant | Single-pollutant model | Three-pollutant model 1 (O3 + CO + SO2) | Three-pollutant model 2 (O3 + NOx + SO2) | Three-pollutant model 3 (O3 + CO + PM10) | Three-pollutant model 4 (O3 + NOx + PM10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O3 (10 ppb) | |||||
| 1st month | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) | 1.20 (1.02–1.39) | 1.20 (1.01–1.41) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) |
| 2nd month | 1.22 (1.03–1.46) | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 1.28 (1.06–1.56) | 1.25 (1.04–1.51) | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) |
| 3rd month | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) |
| CO (100 ppb) | |||||
| 1st month | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||
| 2nd month | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||
| 3rd month | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | ||
| NOx (10 ppb) | |||||
| 1st month | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.97 (0.81–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | ||
| 2nd month | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | ||
| 3rd month | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | ||
| SO2 (10 ppb) | |||||
| 1st month | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | ||
| 2nd month | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | ||
| 3rd month | 0.72 (0.47–1.08) | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.68 (0.43–1.07) | ||
| PM10 (10 μg/m3) | |||||
| 1st month | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | ||
| 2nd month | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | ||
| 3rd month | 0.99 (0.95–1.05) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.00 (0.93–1.06) | ||
a
Logistic regression analysis adjusting for maternal age, plurality, gestational age, population density, and season of conception.