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Force, displacement and stiffness (mean ± standard deviation)
| Group | Force (N) | Displacement (mm) | Stiffness (N/mm) |
| Healthy subjects | 17.6 ± 4.8 | 10.7 ± 3.7 | 1.91 ± 0.92 |
| Cadaver before thermal shrinkage | 23.2 ± 4.5 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 2.27 ± 0.54 |
| Cadaver after thermal shrinkage | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 10.9 ± 1.9 | 2.15 ± 0.43 |
| Cadaver after open surgery | 25.3 ± 3.9 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | 5.10 ± 2.53 |
