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ERAD (a) and autophagy (b). Formation of the phagophore is inhibited by TOR signaling and stimulated by a class III, wortmannin and 3-methyladenine sensitive PI3K. Abbreviations: PPi—pyrophosphate, Ub—ubiquitin. Numbers in circles represent ATG proteins. Reprinted in modified form from Fig. 2 published in Schröder (2008a), copyright 2007, Birkhäuser Basel, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business
