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Model for pathogenesis of Blastocystis spp. Blastocystis infection may result in a variety of pathological outcomes such as secretory IgA degradation, barrier function compromise, host cell apoptosis, and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. IgA degradation and barrier disruption may promote the growth and invasion of neighboring pathogens. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. (Adapted from reference 251 with permission from Taylor and Francis.)
