Table 6.

Standardized Path Coefficients (95% Confidence Intervals in Parentheses) From a Cholesky Decomposition Model of Genetic (A), Shared Environment (C), and Non-shared environment (E) Influences on Kindergarten and Grade 1 Spelling Across Twin Samples

	Variable
Factor	Kindergarten spelling	Grade 1 spelling
Australia
A1	.86 (.67, .98)	.78 (.59, .91)
A2		.43 (.00, .60)
C1	.41 (.00, .67)	.05 (.00, .40)
C2		.00 (.00, .37)
E1	.31 (.20, .41)	.15 (.02, .30)
E2		.43 (.35, .51)
U.S.
A1	.67 (.52, .80)	.65 (.46, .83)
A2		.45 (.00, .61)
C1	.64 (.48, .75)	.25 (.00, .44)
C2		.26 (.00, .45)
E1	.39 (.32, .46)	.22 (.13, .31)
E2		.44 (.39, .50)
Scandinavia
A1	.68 (.41, .91)	.69 (.42, .90)
A2		.46 (.00, .62)
C1	.65 (.25, .82)	.30 (.00, .55)
C2		.00 (.00, .37)
E1	.35 (.25, .46)	.13 (.00, .29)
E2		.45 (.37, .55)

Note. 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses. 00 are not significantly greater than 0.