TABLE 3.

Substrate kinetics

	Control subjects	First-degree relatives	Diabetic patients
Rd glucose (μmol · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1)
Basal	12.1 ± 1.0	14.2 ± 1.8	17.3 ± 1.3*
Clamp	41.0 ± 3.7	36.2 ± 3.5	28.4 ± 2.7*
Change (Rd clamp–Rd basal)	28.9 ± 3.7	22.1 ± 3.4	11.2 ± 2.8*
EGP (μmol · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1)
Basal	11.9 ± 1.0	11.7 ± 1.4	16.3 ± 1.1*
Clamp	2.0 ± 1.2	2.4 ± 1.2	4.1 ± 1.5
Change (EGP basal–EGP clamp)	9.8 ± 1.5	9.3 ± 0.9	12.2 ± 1.5
Carbohydrate oxidation (μmol · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1)
Basal	8.9 ± 0.5	11.6 ± 1.9	10.6 ± 0.9
Clamp	20.6 ± 2.3	19.6 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 0.6
Change (CHO ox clamp–CHO ox basal)	11.7 ± 2.5	8.1 ± 1.5	4.6 ± 0.8*
NOGD (μmol · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1)
Basal	2.9 ± 1.3	2.7 ± 2.2	6.6 ± 1.6
Clamp	22.6 ± 3.3	16.4 ± 3.3	13.2 ± 2.9
Change (NOGD clamp–NOGD basal)	19.7 ± 3.7	13.7 ± 3.7	6.5 ± 2.6*
Lipid oxidation (μmol · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1)
Basal	5.1 ± 0.3	4.8 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.2
Clamp	3.0 ± 0.3	2.8 ± 0.4	3.8 ± 0.2
Change (lipid ox basal–lipid ox clamp)	2.3 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.2*

Data are means ± SE. NOGD, nonoxidative glucose disposal.

^*P < 0.05 between diabetic patients and control subjects. CHO_ox, carbohydrate oxidation.