TABLE 3.
Measures of glucose tolerance according to genotype at GCKR rs780094 among nondiabetic individuals within the study populations
| Country | Study | Fasting plasma glucose
|
HOMA (insulin resistance)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC (mg/dl) | CT (mg/dl) | TT (mg/dl) | P value | CC (mmol × mU) | CT (mmol × mU) | TT (mmol × mU) | P value | ||
| Finland and Sweden | DGI | 101 ± 31 (609) | 99 ± 32 (675) | 99 ± 31 (170) | 0.25 | 1.8 ± 1.2 (571) | 1.8 ± 1.0 (623) | 1.7 ± 1.0 (161) | 0.03 |
| Sweden | MDC-CC | 99 ± 9 (2,043) | 99 ± 9 (2,301) | 98 ± 17 (610) | 0.02 | 1.8 ± 1.7 (1,982) | 1.8 ± 1.2 (2,226) | 1.7 ± 1.2 (592) | 0.04 |
| Sweden | MPP | 87 ± 9 (3,893) | 87 ± 8 (4,435) | 86 ± 8 (1,364) | 0.00048 | — | — | — | — |
| Sweden | NORDIL | 102 ± 16 (2,024) | 102 ± 16 (2,025) | 99 ± 16 (538) | 0.004 | — | — | — | — |
| Finland | Botnia-PPP | 83 ± 10 (1,383) | 82 ± 10 (1,526) | 81 ± 12 (444) | 0.00022 | — | — | — | — |
| Spain | Valencia | 94 ± 17 (433) | 92 ± 16 (754) | 92 ± 19 (359) | 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
| U.S. | Dallas Heart Study blacks | 91 ± 13 (1,102) | 92 ± 16 (414) | 89 ± 10 (42) | 0.23 | — | — | — | — |
| U.S. | Dallas Heart Study Hispanics | 94 ± 10 (222) | 94 ± 11 (246) | 92 ± 10 (59) | 0.22 | — | — | — | — |
| U.S. | Dallas Heart Study whites | 92 ± 12 (347) | 91 ± 11 (475) | 92 ± 13 (148) | 0.32 | — | — | — | — |
| U.S. | GOLDN | 99 ± 13 (353) | 100 ± 14 (492) | 97 ± 9 (141) | 0.47 | 3.3 ± 2.3 (352) | 3.4 ± 2.4 (490) | 3.3 ± 1.9 (141) | 0.75 |
| U.S. | BPRHS | 104 ± 31 (262) | 103 ± 18 (218) | 99 ± 16 (55) | 0.16 | — | — | — | — |
| Singapore | Singapore NHS-98 Chinese | 101 ± 19 (823) | 99 ± 16 (1,203) | 98 ± 19 (604) | 0.001 | 1.9 ± 1.3 (823) | 1.8 ± 1.3 (1,203) | 1.7 ± 1.3 (604) | 0.01 |
| Singapore | Singapore NHS-98 Malays | 104 ± 25 (256) | 105 ± 30 (317) | 101 ± 14 (128) | 0.40 | 2.5 ± 2.5 (256) | 2.3 ± 2.0 (317) | 2.3 ± 2.3 (128) | 0.32 |
| Singapore | Singapore NHS-98 Asian Indians | 107 ± 33 (298) | 102 ± 22 (177) | 106 ± 19 (27) | 0.22 | 3.0 ± 2.7 (298) | 2.6 ± 2.1 (177) | 2.5 ± 2.8 (27) | 0.11 |
| Total: 33,995 | 14,048 | 15,258 | 4,689 | Meta-analysis P value 7 × 10−14 | 4,328 | 5,090 | 1,666 | Meta-analysis P value 5.0 × 10−5 | |
Data are means ± SD (n) or n. Continuous raw measures or blood glucose converted to plasma glucose using a correction factor of 1.13. Association analyses were conducted with an outcome variable of residual log-glucose concentration after adjustment for age and sex. For ease of interpretation, unadjusted glucose concentrations are presented in the table. HOMA insulin resistance index was calculated using the following formula: fasting plasma glucose × fasting insulin/22.5. Two-sided P values are shown for all cohorts. To convert the fasting plasma glucose values to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.055.