Fig. 6.

Rapid actions of androgens on the vocal central pattern generator (CPG; adapted from Remage-Healey and Bass, 2004 — copyright 2004 by the Society for Neuroscience; and Remage-Healey and Bass, 2006b). The vocal CPG of type I male midshipman (A) and male toadfish (B) was isolated via surgical transection from both rostral and caudal inputs. Once stable, CPG activity was elicited via brief electrical microstimulation of the prepacemaker region (see Fig. 1A) and either 11kT or oil vehicle were injected into dorsal trunk musculature. 11kT treatment rapidly induced an increase in fictive call duration in males of both species. Fictive call (burst) duration was normalized to 100% of baseline output at multiple time points following injection (0 min). Number of animals (n) is indicated for each set of experiments (*p < 0.05 for repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests for differences among sampling times).