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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2008 Sep;44(5):1335–1353. doi: 10.1037/a0013030

Table 6.

Intervention Effects at Posttest (Intercept) and for Rate of Change (Slope) in Maternal Responsive Behaviors

Model variable Parameter estimate (SE) F Parameter estimate (SE) F Parameter estimate (SE) F
Affective-emotional behaviors
Contingent responsivenessa
Warm sensitivityb
Positive affectc
Intercept 3.36 (0.15) 21.82++ 3.21 (0.20) 16.26++ 2.64 (0.20) 13.36++
PALS I −0.51 (0.20) 2.06 −0.35 (0.24) 5.40* −0.34 (0.24) 1.48
PALS II −0.52 (0.21) 2.41 −0.37 (0.26) 1.30 0.15 (0.27) 0.08
Risk — — 0.03 (0.27) 0.99 0.08 (0.27) 0.66
PALS I × PALS II 0.64 (0.27) 5.17* 0.34 (0.28) 1.44 0.26 (0.28) 0.87
PALS I × Risk — — −0.32 (0.30) 1.19 0.07 (0.28) 0.06
PALS II × Risk — — 0.08 (0.27) 0.10 −0.48 (0.30) 2.65
Slope −0.03 (0.04) 6.15* −0.03 (0.04) 17.44++ 0.05 (0.05) 2.33
Slope × PALS I −0.03 (0.05) 1.43 −0.12 (0.06) 1.16 −0.12 (0.07) 0.02
Slope × PALS II −0.00 (0.06) 0.18 0.07 (0.06) 0.93 −0.03 (0.08) 0.16
Slope × Risk — — −0.14 (0.06) 0.48 −0.24 (0.08) 0.20
Slope × PALS I × Pals II −0.03 (0.07) 0.22 −0.07 (0.08) 0.77 −0.08 (0.15) 0.81
Slope × PALS I × Risk — — 0.22 (0.08) 6.92** 0.34 (0.15) 13.65+
Slope × PALS II × Risk — — — — 0.17 (0.09) 3.37
Cognitively responsive behaviors: Focus of attention
Maintainingd
Redirectingc
Intercept 4.40 (0.03) 131.64++ 2.13 (0.21) 10.29++
PALS I −0.06 (0.04) 4.33* 0.52 (0.27) 4.82*
PALS II −0.03 (0.05) 0.96 0.42 (0.30) 3.79
Risk status — — −0.51 (0.32) 1.60
PALS I × PALS II 0.00 (0.06) 0.00 −0.61 (0.37) 7.16**
PALS I × Risk Status — — 0.34 (0.40) 0.43
PALS II × Risk Status — — 0.48 (0.42) 1.34
PALS I × PALS II × Risk — — −0.30 (0.53) 0.32
Slope 0.02 (0.01) 5.05* −1.57 (0.62) 25.98++
Slope × PALS I −0.01 (0.02) 0.15 1.18 (0.77) 0.68
Slope × PALS II −0.01 (0.02) 0.00 0.51 (0.86) 0.12
Slope × Risk −0.01 (0.02) 5.65* −1.55 (0.91) 2.55
Slope × PALS I × Pals II −0.03 (0.02) 2.63 −3.45 (0.95) 13.10+
Slope PALS I × Risk −0.00 (0.02) 0.06 1.88 (0.96) 3.85*
Slope × PALS II × Risk −0.02 (0.02) 1.07 2.75 (0.94) 8.63**
Cognitively responsive behaviors: Rich verbal input
Verbal scaffoldingf
Verbal encouragementg
Intercept −0.15 (0.31) −0.48 1.66 (0.31) 5.35+
PALS I 0.10 (0.40) 0.50 0.60 (0.40) 0.48
PALS II −0.13 (0.46) 0.22 −0.41 (0.46) 6.21*
Risk status 0.28 (0.45) 0.18 0.79 (0.46) 4.04*
PALS I × PALS II 0.06 (0.58) 0.08 −0.08 (0.58) 0.59
PALS I × Risk Status −0.39 (0.60) 1.81 −0.60 (0.60) 4.07*
PALS II × Risk Status 0.17 (0.63) 0.00 0.10 (0.64) 0.12
PALS I × PALS II × Risk −0.34 (0.83) 0.17 −0.48 (0.83) 0.34
Slope −1.42 (1.07) 11.90+ −0.10 (0.04) 24.49++
Slope × PALS I −2.68 (1.36) 0.27 0.02 (0.05) 0.01
Slope × PALS II 0.20 (1.51) 0.95 0.08 (0.06) 5.95*
Slope × Risk −0.15 (1.63) 2.55 0.07 (0.05) 3.09
Slope × PALS I × Pals II 4.66 (2.06) 0.00 0.38 (0.09) 3.01++
Slope PALS I × Risk −6.10 (2.84) 1.35 −0.12 (0.06) 2.72
Slope × PALS II × Risk 1.00 (2.15) 2.17 −0.14 (0.07) 1.20
Slope × PALS I × PALS II × Risk 3.02 (1.93) 4.62* −0.11 (0.07) 18.11++

Note. Intercept is set at the posttest assessment. Parameter estimates in analyses for the intervention were coded as DAS = 1, PALS = 0; for risk, term = 0, very low birth weight = 1. F values are Type 3 tests of fixed effects. Dashes indicate that the effect was not included in the final model. PALS = Playing and Learning Strategies; DAS = Developmental Assessment Screening; I = intervention in infancy; II = intervention in toddler-preschool period.

a

dfs for intercept and slope = 1, 142; all others = 1, 269.

b

dfs = 1, 406.

c

dfs = 1, 403.

d

dfs = 1, 249.

e

dfs for intercept and slope = 1, 139; all others = 1, 249.

f

dfs for intercept = 1, 139; all others = 1, 248.

g

dfs = 1, 256.

*

p < .05.

**

p < .01.

+

p <.001.

++

p <.0001.