Table 7.

Intervention Effects at Posttest (Intercept) and for Rate of Change (Slope) in Child Outcomes

Model variable	Parameter estimate (SE)	F	Parameter estimate (SE)	F	Parameter estimate (SE)	F
	Social skills with mother
	Cooperationa		Social engagementb		Positive affectc
Intercept	−0.67 (0.76)	−0.88	3.50 (0.14)	24.76++	−3.38 (0.94)	−3.58+
Child age	0.44 (0.28)	2.35	—	—	−0.31 (0.35)	0.82
PALS I	0.09 (0.19)	2.05	−0.18 (0.17)	0.20	0.18 (0.28)	0.17
PALS II	−0.38 (0.21)	4.10*	−0.44 (0.18)	7.73**	0.17 (0.33)	0.00
Risk	0.14 (0.13)	1.29	0.18 (0.11)	2.63	0.67 (0.34)	0.85
PALS I × PALS II	0.21 (0.27)	0.62	0.25 (0.23)	1.22	0.19 (0.42)	0.72
PALS I × Risk	—	—	—	—	−0.50 (0.44)	1.93
PALS II × Risk	—	—	—	—	−0.61 (0.47)	3.15
PALS I × PALS II × Risk	—	—	—	—	0.14 (0.61)	0.05
Slope	−0.10 (0.05)	0.85	0.09 (0.02)	32.41++	−0.07 (0.08)	0.22
Slope × PALS I	0.11 (0.06)	1.80	−0.04 (0.02)	4.14*	0.04 (0.10)	0.03
Slope × PALS II	0.13 (0.07)	2.71	—	—	0.18 (0.13)	0.01
Slope × Risk	0.06 (0.03)	5.28*	—	—	0.14 (0.14)	0.14
Slope × PALS I × Pals II	−0.09 (0.10)	0.91	—	—	−0.17 (0.16)	0.28
Slope PALS I × Risk	—	—	—	—	−0.12 (0.17)	0.84
Slope × PALS II × Risk	—	—	—	—	−0.45 (0.20)	2.75
Slope × PALS I × PALS II × Risk	—	—	—	—	0.48 (0.25)	3.67
	Communication skills with mother
	Use of Wordsd		Coordinating attention and word usee
Intercept	−0.04 (0.79)	−0.06	−2.42 (0.66)	−3.69+
Child Age	0.33 (0.30)	1.25	0.19 (0.24)	0.63
PALS I	−0.08 (0.17)	0.00	0.26 (0.21)	0.46
PALS II	−0.42 (0.19)	7.82**	0.09 (0.25)	3.20
Risk Status	0.30 (0.12)	5.65*	0.93 (0.26)	2.38
PALS I × PALS II	0.15 (0.24)	0.40	−0.13 (0.32)	1.74
PALS I × Risk Status	—	—	−1.00 (0.33)	5.70*
PALS II × Risk Status	—	—	−0.91 (0.36)	4.05*
PALS I × PALS II × Risk	—	—	0.88 (0.47)	3.46
Slope	0.02 (0.04)	4.32*	−0.05 (0.05)	2.59
Slope × PALS I	0.04 (0.05)	0.13	0.08 (0.08)	0.81
Slope × PALS II	0.03 (0.06)	0.00	0.28 (0.10)	3.74
Slope × Risk	—	—	0.07 (0.11)	0.08
Slope × PALS I × Pals II	−0.05 (0.08)	0.44	−0.34 (0.13)	1.28
Slope PALS I × Risk	—	—	−0.13 (0.14)	0.99
Slope × PALS II × Risk	—	—	−0.27 (0.15)	0.17
Slope × PALS I × PALS II × Risk	—	—	0.45 (0.20)	5.36*
	Standardized language tests
	PPVT-IIIf		PLS: Auditory Comprehensiong		PLS: Expressive Comprehensionh
Intercept	1.76 (0.62)	2.83**	13.73 (5.71)	2.41*	13.05 (4.51)	3.15**
Child Age	0.04 (0.02)	3.07	0.39 (0.19)	4.01*	0.33 (0.14)	5.64*
PALS I	0.18 (0.17)	1.17	−0.12 (1.33)	0.13	1.21 (1.00)	2.26
PALS II	−0.37 (0.16)	5.31*	−1.56 (1.72)	1.82	−0.92 (1.30)	2.09
Risk	0.40 (0.15)	3.43	2.30 (1.32)	5.16*	1.42 (0.99)	4.32*
PALS I × PALS II	0.28 (0.20)	1.91	0.94 (1.87)	0.25	−0.30 (1.40)	0.05
PALS I × Risk	−0.42 (0.20)	4.38*	—	—	—	—
PALS II × Risk	—	—	−0.35 (1.83)	0.04	0.08 (1.38)	0.00
Slope	0.04 (0.02)	99.00++	0.63 (0.16)	110.87++	0.17 (0.12)	99.70++
Slope × PALS I	0.04 (0.02)	0.15	0.22 (0.18)	1.17	0.19 (0.14)	0.01
Slope × PALS II	0.07 (0.03)	9.45**	0.17 (0.24)	0.40	0.71 (0.18)	5.06*
Slope × Risk	0.01 (0.02)	0.29	0.12 (0.11)	0.66	0.27 (0.09)	0.18
Slope × PALS I × Pals II	−0.04 (0.03)	1.39	−0.14 (0.28)	0.24	−0.36 (0.21)	3.01
Slope PALS I × Risk	−0.04 (0.02)	3.29	—	—	—	—
Slope × PALS II × Risk	—	—	−0.38 (0.16)	5.27*	−0.60 (0.13)	19.65++

Note. Intercept is set at the posttest assessment. Child age is at the pretest assessment. Parameter estimates in analyses for the intervention were coded as DAS = 1, PALS = 0; for risk group, term = 0, very low birth weight = 1, F values are Type 3 tests of fixed effects. Dashes indicate that the effect was not included in the final model. PALS = Playing and Learning Strategies; DAS = Developmental Assessment Screening; I = intervention in infancy; n = intervention in toddler-preschool period; PPVT-in = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Third Edition; PLS = Preschool Language Scale–3rd Edition.

^adfs = 1,352.

^bdfs = 1,420.

^cdfs = 1,388.

^ddfs = 1,256.

^edfs = 1,378.

^fdfs = 1,420.

^gdfs = 1,422.

^hdfs = 1,288.

^*p <.05.

^**p <.01.

⁺p <.001.

⁺⁺p <.0001.