Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables at the time of first cognitive assessment in subjects who did or did not experience a subsequent decline in cognitive function after a median 1.6 years
| No cognitive decline | Cognitive decline | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 172 | 33 | |
| Age at assessment (years) | 74.7 ± 4.0 | 76.3 ± 4.4 | 0.037 |
| Sex (% male) | 50.0 | 39.4 | 0.34 |
| Education (% > primary schooling) | 81.9 | 51.5 | 0.001 |
| Cognitive impairment, no dementia (%) | 22.0 | 9.4 | 0.10 |
| Subjective memory complaints (%) | 37.1 | 37.5 | 1.00 |
| MMSE score | 28 [27–29] | 26 [25–28] | 0.001 |
| IQCODE >3.31 (%) | 24.6 | 24.2 | 1.00 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.1 [8.3–16.1] | 9.6 [7.9–15.1] | 0.31 |
| Diabetic treatment, diet only (%) | 15.7 | 24.2 | 0.31 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents (%) | 55.2 | 63.6 | 0.45 |
| Insulin (± oral hypoglycemic therapy) (%) | 29.1 | 12.1 | 0.052 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 7.9 [6.6–9.4] | 8.2 [5.6–9.8] | 0.73 |
| A1C (%) | 7.0 [6.5–7.9] | 7.5 [6.3–8.2] | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 4.6 | 28.4 ± 4.2 | 0.61 |
| Overweight/obese waist-to-hip ratio (%) | 76.0 | 72.7 | 0.66 |
| History of severe hypoglycemia (%) | 6.6 | 9.1 | 0.71 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 151 ± 24 | 151 ± 20 | 0.88 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 17 | 78 ± 19 | 0.54 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 84.0 | 68.8 | 0.049 |
| Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs (%) | 64.0 | 33.3 | 0.002 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 0.77 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.48 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.37 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 60.0 | 50.0 | 0.33 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 2.7 (0.7–10.9) | 6.0 (1.0–34.3) | 0.020 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 42.9 | 62.5 | 0.052 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 91 (65–129) | 86 (63–119) | 0.40 |
| Peripheral neuropathy (%) | 27.1 | 43.8 | 0.09 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 35.7 | 43.8 | 0.43 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 32.4 | 30.3 | 1.00 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 20.1 | 24.2 | 0.64 |
| Depression (%) | 13.5 | 15.2 | 0.78 |
| APOE e4 carriers (%) | 21.8 | 12.1 | 0.25 |
Data are mean ± SD, %, median [interquartile range], or geometric range (SD range).
*
Appropriate bivariate statistic.