Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by quintile of DED: EPIC-Norfolk Study
| DED quintiles |
P value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| DED (kJ/g) | 1.04–2.43 | 2.43–2.78 | 2.78–3.12 | 3.12–3.55 | 3.55–7.97 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 57.2 ± 8.6 | 57.9 ± 9.1 | 58.5 ± 9.3 | 58.5 ± 9.5 | 58.6 ± 9.6 | 0.331 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.4 ± 13.4 | 73.0 ± 13.0 | 73.5 ± 13.0 | 73.4 ± 13.2 | 73.5 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 165.4 ± 8.8 | 166.0 ± 9.0 | 167.0 ± 9.2 | 167.7 ± 9.3 | 168.5 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 87.0 ± 12.5 | 87.2 ± 12.4 | 88.1 ± 12.2 | 88.3 ± 12.2 | 88.8 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.1 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 26.3 ± 3.8 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 25.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 6,493.0 ± 1,568.4 | 7,713.2 ± 1,720.7 | 8,526.5 ± 1,836.5 | 9,405.6 ± 2,099.5 | 10,904.8 ± 2,705.9 | <0.001 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 50.0 ± 15.9 | 65.2 ± 18.2 | 75.9 ± 20.3 | 87.3 ± 23.9 | 106.6 ± 32.2 | <0.001 |
| Energy from fat (%) | 29.0 ± 5.8 | 31.8 ± 5.2 | 33.5 ± 5.2 | 34.9 ± 5.0 | 36.6 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 10.0 ± 15.7 | 9.9 ± 14.0 | 8.7 ± 12.6 | 7.9 ± 11.3 | 6.8 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Occupational status | <0.001 | |||||
| Professional | 305 (7.1) | 330.00 (7.7) | 303 (7.0) | 292 (6.8) | 262 (6.1) | |
| Managerial and technical | 1,709 (39.7) | 1,646 (38.3) | 1,617 (37.5) | 1,540 (35.7) | 1,387 (32.3) | |
| Skilled nonmanual | 683 (15.9) | 730 (17.0) | 731 (17.0) | 683 (15.9) | 717 (16.7) | |
| Skilled manual | 943 (21.9) | 910 (21.2) | 944 (21.9) | 1,048 (24.3) | 1,115 (25.9) | |
| Partly skilled | 525 (12.2) | 547.00 (12.7) | 548 (12.7) | 578 (13.4) | 634 (14.7) | |
| Unskilled | 125 (2.9) | 128.00 (3.0) | 153 (3.6) | 153 (3.6) | 173 (4.0) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||||
| Current | 610 (14.0) | 509 (11.7) | 470 (10.8) | 494 (11.4) | 484 (11.2) | |
| Former | 1,810 (41.6) | 1,785 (41.0) | 1,761 (40.5) | 1,835 (42.2) | 1,718 (39.7) | |
| Never | 1,935 (44.4) | 2,063 (47.4) | 2,115 (48.7) | 2,016 (46.4) | 2,131 (49.2) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||||
| Inactive | 1,235 (28.2) | 1,279 (29.2) | 1,272 (29.0) | 1,272 (29.0) | 1,276 (29.1) | |
| Moderately inactive | 1,313 (30.0) | 1,353 (30.9) | 1,290 (29.4) | 1,246 (28.4) | 1,142 (26.1) | |
| Moderately active | 1,026 (23.4) | 981 (22.4) | 1,032 (23.5) | 1,005 (22.9) | 1,029 (23.5) | |
| Active | 810 (18.5) | 771 (17.6) | 790 (18.0) | 861 (19.6) | 935 (21.3) | |
| Family history of diabetes (yes) | 552 (12.6) | 535 (12.2) | 566 (12.9) | 570 (13.0) | 522 (11.9) | 0.487 |
| Obesity status | <0.001 | |||||
| Normal | 1,561 (35.7) | 1,708 (39.1) | 1,711 (39.1) | 1,855 (42.4) | 1,867 (42.7) | |
| Overweight | 2,012 (46) | 1,946 (44.5) | 2,027 (46.3) | 1,922 (43.9) | 1,964 (44.9) | |
| Obesity | 787 (18.0) | 706 (16.2) | 628 (14.3) | 571 (13.1) | 510 (11.7) | |
Data are range, means ± SD, or n (%).
*
P values are from ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.