Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics and drug usage in type 2 diabetic patients stratified by number of risk-conferring genotypes of ALR2 including the z−2 (CA)n and C-106T polymorphisms
| Baseline parameters | No risk genotypes | 1 risk genotype | 2 risk genotypes | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 399 | 532 | 143 | |
| Age (years) | 60 (51–68) | 61 (50–69) | 61 (51–68) | 0.954* |
| Sex (% male) | 57.4 | 59.2 | 62.9 | 0.509† |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.5 (1.0–12.0) | 8.0 (2.0–12.0) | 7.0 (2.0–12.0) | 0.819* |
| Smoking status | 0.681† | |||
| Ex-smoker (%) | 17.3 | 13.9 | 16.2 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 12.6 | 13.2 | 14.1 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (22.1–26.9) | 24.5 (22.2–26.6) | 21.4 (21.8–26.1) | 0.515* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Men | 88.0 (82.0–94.0) | 87.5 (81.0–93.0) | 88.0 (82.6–92.0) | 0.760* |
| Women | 82.0 (76.0–88.0) | 83.0 (77.0–89.0) | 82.0 (75.5–88.0) | 0.395* |
| Obesity (%)‡ | 57.4 | 57.4 | 57.3 | 1.000† |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 (120–147) | 132 (119–146) | 133 (120–149) | 0.511* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 (70–86) | 79 (70–85) | 79 (74–85) | 0.350* |
| Hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or medication) | 45.6 | 49.3 | 46.9 | 0.520† |
| Family history of premature CVD (%) | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.311† |
| Retinopathy (%) | 20.6 | 25.0 | 29.4 | 0.076† |
| Sensory neuropathy (%) | 19.3 | 23.3 | 23.1 | 0.315† |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 5.0 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 0.101† |
| History of stroke (%) | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 0.480† |
| A1C (%) | 7.4 (6.6–8.6) | 7.6 (6.7–8.9) | 7.5 (6.6–8.4) | 0.285 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 5.30 (4.60–6.10) | 5.30 (4.70–6.10) | 5.40 (4.50–6.10) | 0.962* |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.30 (2.70–4.00) | 3.40 (2.80–4.00) | 3.30 (2.70–3.95) | 0.765* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.24 (1.03–1.54) | 1.24 (1.03–1.50) | 1.31 (1.10–1.57) | 0.110* |
| Spot urine ACR ratio (mg/mmol) | 1.29 (0.59–5.53) | 1.37 (0.64–8.79) | 1.97 (0.69–24.7) | 0.245* |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 17.2 | 21.0 | 19.7 | 0.150† |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 17.9 | 18.9 | 25.4 | |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 71.0 (58.0–85.0) | 69.0 (59.0–84.0) | 68.0 (62.0–85.5) | 0.811* |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73m2) | 113.5 (99.0–134.7) | 115.7 (94.9–136.6) | 115.3 (93.3–136.4) | 0.918* |
| Use of medications at enrollment | ||||
| Insulin (%) | 12.3 | 15.2 | 19.6 | 0.096† |
| OAD (%) | 50.6 | 50.0 | 52.4 | 0.873† |
| Insulin and OAD (%) | 5.5 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 0.419† |
| Lipid-regulating drug (%) | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 0.840† |
| ACEI/ARB (%) | 7.0 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 0.962† |
| Other antihypertensive drugs (%) | 17.0 | 21.1 | 22.4 | 0.219† |
| Clinical end points after 8-year follow-up | ||||
| CHD (%) | 4.8 | 9.0 | 5.6 | 0.032† |
| Renal end point (%) | 15.0 | 20.5 | 27.3 | 0.004† |
| Cardiorenal end point (%) | 17.0 | 25.4 | 28.7 | 0.002† |
| All-cause death (%) | 10.5 | 11.5 | 14.0 | 0.537† |
Data are median (IQR) or %.
*
Derived from Kruskal-Wallis test.
†
Derived from χ2 test.
‡
Obesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2 or waist ≥80 cm in women or ≥90 cm in men. ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug.