Table 1.
Population characteristics, compared by race/ethnicity (n = 8918)a
| Characteristic | Racial/Ethnic Groups
|
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | White | Black | Hispanic | Other | ||
| Race (%) | 100 | 72.9 (2.2) | 11.0 (1.3) | 11.4 (1.3) | 4.7 (0.4) | |
| GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 87.0 (0.6) | 82.9 (0.6) | 97.4 (0.9) | 100.6 (1.0) | 92.5 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (%) | 8.1 (0.5) | 9.5 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 5.0 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| GFR (ml/min) | 96.0 (0.7) | 92.4 (0.7) | 110.4 (1.1) | 105.5 (1.1) | 94.8 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| <60 ml/min (%) | 6.5 (0.5) | 7.5 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.4) | 4.5 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (<0.1) | 0.9 (<0.1) | 1.0 (<0.1) | 0.8 (<0.1) | 0.9 (<0.1) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/g) | 28.7 (2.3) | 23.1 (2.1) | 58.6 (11.9) | 31.4 (5.0) | 39.0 (9.0) | 0.0067 |
| ≥30 (%) | 9.0 (0.4) | 8.0 (0.4) | 12.1 (1.0) | 10.9 (0.8) | 13.3 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Age (yr) | 46.6 (0.4) | 48.3 (0.5) | 43.8 (0.5) | 39.6 (0.5) | 43.5 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Female (%) | 51.7 (0.5) | 51.4 (0.6) | 55.1 (1.0) | 49.5 (1.0) | 53.6 (2.9) | 0.0053 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (0.1) | 28.2 (0.2) | 30.4 (0.2) | 28.6 (0.2) | 26.2 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
| Born outside United States (%) | 15.1 (1.5) | 5.4 (0.9) | 8.9 (2.2) | 66.2 (3.1) | 56.7 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
| Self-reported diabetes (%) | 7.7 (0.4) | 7.0 (0.5) | 11.0 (0.6) | 8.9 (1.0) | 8.0 (1.3) | 0.0005 |
| Self reported hypertension (%) | 29.9 (0.9) | 31.2 (1.1) | 35.3 (1.1) | 17.9 (1.5) | 25.0 (2.6) | <0.0001 |
| Serum iron (mg/dl) | 86.7 (0.7) | 88.3 (0.7) | 75.0 (0.6) | 86.9 (1.1) | 88.7 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
| Red blood cell folate (mg/dl) | 292.7 (2.8) | 308.6 (3.7) | 230.2 (2.6) | 264.1 (4.9) | 264.3 (7.0) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) | 538.1 (8.9) | 513.0 (8.9) | 596.4 (30.9) | 647.2 (39.6) | 527.4 (18.0) | 0.0086 |
a
Column percentages are reported throughout. Numbers in parentheses represent SE. ANOVA and χ2 analysis, respectively, were used for between-group comparisons of continuous and categorical variables. ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index.