Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2007 Sep 8;33(2):235–251. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.002

Table 1. Prevalence of Risk Factors.

Familial Psychiatric History, Family Environment, and Gender Offspring Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders
Parental Psychiatric History (Lifetime)
Substance Use and Abuse/Dependence
 Paternal antisocial personality disorder 2.8%  Alcohol use 79.4%
 Paternal major depressive disorder 8.2%  Alcohol dependence 10.0%
 Paternal drug dependence 11.9%  Cannabis use 46.2%
 Maternal alcohol dependence 9.5%  Cannabis abuse 8.7%

 Maternal major depressive disorder 17.7% Externalizing Disorders

Parenting (Offspring Report For Ages 6-13)
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6.2%
 Not close to father 10.7%  Conduct disorder 5.8%
 Not close to mother 4.8%  Oppositional defiant disorder 6.2%

 Father inconsistent with discipline 11.8% Internalizing Disorders
 Mother inconsistent with discipline 12.0%  Major depressive disorder 14.5%

Offspring Abuse History
 Generalized anxiety disorder 2.5%
 Physical abuse (ages 6-13) 4.1%  Panic disorder 2.1%
 Sexual abuse 6.7%  Social phobia 8.9%

Gender: female 51.5%