(A) The canonical Hopfield-Ninio (HN) model of kinetic proofreading with one cycle.
(B) QS signaling as two-cycle kinetic proofreading.
In QS, the degradation of the R-protein provides a second cycle of proofreading. R is a receptor protein (HN model) or an R-protein (QS model). A is a signaling molecule. RA is the complex of R and A. In the HN model, RA* the activated form RA. The star (*) in the QS model represents unspecified substrates or degradation products.