FIG. 5.

MAVS and IRF3 are required for the ΔE3L-induced innate immune response. Keratinocytes were prepared from the skin of female MAVS^−/− mice or IRF3^−/− mice and their wild-type littermate controls. Cells (4 × 10⁶) were infected with wild-type ΔE3L at a multiplicity of 10 for 1 h. Infected cells were washed to remove unabsorbed viruses and then incubated in fresh medium. Uninfected cells were processed in parallel and either incubated in fresh medium (No virus) or medium supplemented with 10 μg/ml poly(I:C). Supernatants were collected 18 h later, and the concentrations of IL-6, CCL4, CCL5, and IFN-β were determined by ELISA. Error bars represent standard deviations from the means of triplicate experiments.