FIG. 3.

mRNA transcripts from livers of CBA mice coinfected with H. polygyrus and S. mansoni. mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR as described in Materials and Methods. (A) The mRNA transcript levels of IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-23p19, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, were decreased and (B) the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, as well as the chemokine CCL11, were increased in CBA mice coinfected with H. polygyrus and S. mansoni compared with CBA mice infected with S. mansoni alone. The bars indicate the means of two independent experiments using mRNA from three livers in each experiment, and the error bars indicate the standard deviations. All P values are at least <0.05. Sm, S. mansoni; Hp, H. polygyrus.