|
Pre-modern |
Modern (industrial) |
Late modern (post-industrial) |
|
| Determinant of social relations |
Family (kinship ties) |
Work (relationship to the ‘means of production’) |
Consumption (leisure, lifestyle, spending) |
|
| The family |
Rigid roles; children learn from parents |
Expected but negotiable roles; learn from peers |
Parents' experience ‘irrelevant’; parents learn from children |
|
| Social class defined by |
Inherited position |
Occupation |
Access to resources |
|
| Nature of identity |
Fixed at birth |
Developed by socialisation and parenting |
Flexible; responsive to emerging challenges |
